Korean Films Outdone By Hollywood as 2012 Gets Underway
Title
Release Date
Weekend
Total
1
Mission: Impossible - Ghost Protocol (us)
12/15/11
1,013,668
5,386,797
2
Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows (us)
12/21/11
448,287
1,432,109
3
My Way
12/21/11
416,646
1,735,608
4
Perfect
Game
12/21/11
238,191
890,261
5
Friends Naki
on Monster Island (jp)
12/29/11
166,347
203,118
6
Spellbound
12/1/11
147,183
2,819,392
7
The Lion King 3D (us)
12/29/11
139,178
170,962
8
Pocket
Monsters Best Wishes! Reshiram (jp)
12/22/11
75,759
285,518
9
Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chip-Wrecked (us)
12/15/11
61,468
516,727
10
Pocket
Monsters Best Wishes! Zekrom (jp)
12/22/11
57,113
234,721
-
Ryang-kang-do: Merry Christmas, North!
11/17/11
693
10,172
-
My Barefoot Friend
12/15/11
301
2,498
-
Punch
10/20/11
181
5,316,625
-
Green Days: Dinosaur and I
6/23/11
136
51,622
-
●REC
11/24/11
80
2,843
Business was on par with the last New Year's weekend, with 2.8 million tickets sold but whereas Korean films accounted for a 70% market share last year, this time around they cobbled together a measly 30% as yet another high profile Korean blockbuster has floundered and Hollywood fare has proven more palatable to local audiences.
For the third straight weekend, Tom Cruise's fourth Mission Impossible has taken the top spot and once again with over a million admissions. It's 1,013,668 take has increased its haul to an exceptional 5,386,797 which already good enough for No. 4 on the 2011 chart. Sherlock Holmes 2 also held very well as it receded only 10% for a 448,287 take.
Meanwhile, all the buzz surrounding MI4 has sapped any interest domestic viewers had in taking in Jang Je-kyu's enormous WWII spectacle My Way as it has dropped 45% to 416,646 after a very disappointing opening weekend. It has now banked 1,735,608 in 12 days, a shockingly low figure for a film that cost 30 billion won to produce. It is about to open in Japan where it will need to do serious business if it hopes to stand a chance of recouping its production costs.
The Perfect Game dropped about a third to 238,191, also after an unimpressive start. Competition has been fierce but perhaps audiences were given too many baseball pictures this year after Kang Woo-suk's GLove and Kim Sang-jin's underperforming Fighting Spirit, not to mention the Brad Pitt starring Moneyball which played very recently.
Spellbound was the lone bright spot for local films as it held well, dropping only 20% for 147,183. It looks set to cross the 3 million mark, a milestone that My Way may not reach.
The rest of the top 10 was filled with Japanese animes and Hollywood kids fare while outside the top 10, Korean films barely registered.
Next week, Wonderful Radio opens but it has been getting poor reviews and I can't imagine it will be the film to unseat MI4 which seems destined for a fourth victory lap. Business will pick up for local fare in a few weeks with the Lunar Day holiday weekend but until then, things look pretty grim.
Bit of a slow news week over Christmas but a few great features nonetheless and some interesting tidbits on Cloud Atlas and Lee Myung-se's new film, not to mention more trailers, posters, and box office.
To sum up Korean Cinema News for 2011, I will post a feature of what I felt were the top 10 Korean film stories of the year on New Year's Eve.
KOREAN CINEMA NEWS
Bae Doo Na’s Hollywood Debut Piece Wraps Filming
After an 18-week shoot, Bae Doo-na has wrapped filming of the highly anticipated adaptation of David Mitchell's time-jumping opus Cloud Atlas. The film is directoed by Tom Tykwer and the Wachowski Brothers and Bae stars in one of its six stories, set in a futuristic Seoul. Tom Hanks, Hugh Grant and Halle Berry also appear as leads. (eNewsWorld, December 27, 2011)
The English-language Arirang TV network has produced three works as part of its annual film project which were shot in Bucheon, Pohang, and Gwangju. Each of the writer-directors, Kim In-sik, Lee Sang-woo, and Kim Young-bin, shot their pieces in just two weeks. (The Korea Herald, December 22, 2011)
Film Therapy Institute Names Punch as Year’s Most Healing
Runaway hit Punch has been named the most healing motion picture of the year at the Korea Institute of Film Application (KIFA) annual Healing Cinema Best 10 event. A relatively novel technique in the field of psychotherapy, cinema therapy involves therapists who prescribe films to their patients. Advocates of the technique say that watching films with relatable life themes and subject matter can alleviate patients’ mental distress. (Joong Ang Daily, December 23, 2011)
The Unlikely Survival Story of Korean Cinema
Korean cinema hasn’t always been as dynamic and acclaimed as it is today. Along the way, Korean filmmakers have had to overcome Japanese colonial oppression, wartime destruction, authoritarian censorship and competition with Hollywood blockbusters. (10 Magazine, December 2011)
Ki Mun, the lead editor over at AsianMediaWiki guests posts on Wildgrounds with a look at the best and most disappointing films of 2011. A lot of independent Korean films made the cut! (Wildgrounds, December 23, 2011)
Local Films Foray Into Chinese Market
The past year has seen Korean cinema on an upward climb from the recession that hit the industry hard in the mid-2000s, particularly as homespun works made successful debuts in the Chinese box office and more experimental mid-budget films drew crowds domestically. In the early 2000s, few Korean movies enjoyed wide releases in large neighboring Asian markets such as Japan. In September, however, The Man From Nowhere, a 2010 crime drama, made successful box office debuts not only in Japan but also in China, one of the world’s fastest growing markets. (The Korea Times, December 26, 2011)
On December 15, new action-comedy Miss Conspirator wrapped shooting. The film stars Ko Hyun-jung and is directed by Park Chul-kwan who previously brought the successful gangster comedy Hi Dharma (2001) to the screen. The film, which has been presold by 9ers Entertainment to Thailand's STG is set to be released in the first half of 2012. Next Entertainment World, better known as N.E.W., is releasing the film in South Korea. (KOBIZ, December 26, 2011)
Witness the Seoul of the Future in New Cloud Atlas Concept Art
The upcoming big screen adaptation of David Mitchell's sprawling, time hopping novel Cloud Atlas has been much in the news over the last year thanks to its high profile cast, directing team and the unusual manner of its creation. The picture is being shot simultaneously by two separate film crews – one directed by Tom Tykwer, the other by the Wachowskis - with cast members each playing multiple characters in multiple time periods. (Twitch, December 27, 2011)
Palm Springs Fest to Screen The Front Line
The upcoming Palm Springs International Film Festival (PSIFF) will screen South Korea’s Oscar submission The Front Line in its Awards Buzz section. The section will feature 40 of the 63 official submissions the Academy Awards’ Best Foreign Language Film category. The 40 films were selected by festival programmers as the strongest entries in this year’s race. The 2012 Palm Springs International Film Festival will run Jan. 5 – 16. (KOBIZ, December 26, 2011)
Daniel Henney Will Play His First Villain in Lee Myeong-se's Mr. K
Daniel Henney's new challenge will be to make his debut as a terrorist villain in 'master of mise-en-scène' Lee Myeong-se's new film, Mr. K. The action blockbuster will also star Seol Kyeong-gu and Moon So-ri as a couple. As associate of Henney told TV Report on December 26th, "Henney has been cast in a stylish role for famous director Lee Myeong-se's new film" and "He will appear as a terrorist that clashes with Seol Kyeong-gu over secret information, showing a side of himself we've never seen before". (hancinema.net, December 26, 2011)
Busan calls For Submissions to Ties That Bind
The Busan International Film Festival (BIFF) / Asian Project Market (APM) has made a call for submissions for the 2012 Ties That Bind – Asia / Europe Producers Workshop. In its fourth edition, the workshop is held in partnership with EAVE, the Udine Fareast Film Festival, and Friuli Venezia Giulia (FVG) Audiovisual Fund. (KOBIZ, December 26, 2011)
Cinemart Selects Jang Cheol-soo’s Service for People
The Rotterdam film festival’s co-production market CineMart has selected Korean director Jang Cheol-soo’s project Service for People for its upcoming 29th edition. CineMart ultimately chose a total of 36 projects from 465 entries. The finalists will be presented to 850 potential co-financiers, Jan. 29 – Feb 1. Director Jang Cheol-soo made his feature debut with the much-lauded thriller Bedevilled in 2010 at the Cannes Film Festival’s Critics’ Week. The film won the Puchon Choice Award at the Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival (PiFan) as well as the Audience Award and the Best Actress Award at Fantastic Fest in Austin, Texas. (KOBIZ, December 23, 2011)
Having recently appeared at several international festivals, Through Korean Cinema will appear on DVD in 2012. Director Leonardo Cinieri Lombroso was kind enough to answer some questions about his work – to explain how and why he decided to explore this subject and what his future plans are for further examining the work of Korean filmmakers… (New Korean Cinema, December 21, 2011)
Korean Cinema News is a weekly feature which provides wide-ranging news coverage on Korean cinema, including but not limited to: features; festival news; interviews; industry news; trailers; posters; and box office. It appears every Wednesday morning (GMT+1) on Modern Korean Cinema. For other weekly features, take a look at the Korean Box Office Update and the Weekly Review Round-up. Reviews and features on Korean film also appear regularly on the site.
To keep up with the best in Korean film you can sign up to our RSS Feed, like us on Facebook, or follow us on Twitter.
Tom Cruise's MI4 Scales Over My Way for Surprise Top Spot
Title
Release Date
Weekend
Total
1
Mission: Impossible 4 (us)
12/15/11
1,230,676
3,677,069
2
My Way
12/21/11
770,220
1,001,676
3
Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows (us)
12/21/11
517,421
659,039
4
Perfect
Game
12/21/11
340,574
473,088
5
Spellbound
12/1/11
184,145
2,536,632
6
Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chip-Wrecked (us)
12/15/11
162,953
383,500
7
Pocket
Monsters Best Wishes! Reshiram (jp)
12/22/11
130,231
142,727
8
Pocket
Monsters Best Wishes! Zekrom (jp)
12/22/11
113,229
124,173
9
The Adventures of Tintin (us)
12/7/11
39,870
773,043
10
Arthur Christmas (us)
11/25/11
31,682
614,441
-
Punch
10/20/11
856
5,315,682
-
My Barefoot Friend
12/15/11
437
1,653
-
SIU
11/24/11
271
1,118,060
-
Life Is Peachy
12/8/11
223
2,887
-
Dancing Cat
11/17/11
191
11,849
-
The Forgotten Bag
11/17/11
147
6,323
-
Too Many Villains
12/15/11
123
760
As expected, it was a huge weekend at the Korean box office this Christmas but the victor was a surprise. After months of extraordinary performances from domestic films, the results for this frame are an unfortunate way to wrap up the year. In total, admissions hit 3.56 million, a 10% gain over last year, one of the busiest weekends in Korean cinema history but sadly Korean films held only three of the top 10 spots and accounted for a below average 36.5% market share versus last year's 56.7%.
Korean audiences seemed starved for either blockbuster fare or children's movies over this past holiday weekend. The bottom five of the top 10 were all movies aimed at children, including two Japanese animes. I've been noticing the relatively poor performance of these kids' films over the past few weeks but now that I see the market share their combined efforts occupy I wonder whether foreign distributors were just a little careless in looking at the release calendar for Korea, ultimately too many films with a specific audience battled it out for a piece of the same pie.
However I have been thinking about the potential future of children's movies at the Korean box office. Typically the country does not produce many of its own but that seems to be changing as audiences are becoming more receptive to the emerging talents of Korean-produced fare for children, especially in animation. Kung Fu Panda 2 was directed by a Korean-American and this helped it sell over five million tickets. A little later in the summer Leafie, A Hen Into the Wild became by far the most successful Korean animation ever made as it soared past the two million mark. Perhaps next winter there will be some domestic children's movies beside all of Hollywood's seasonal offerings.
After last week's huge opening, Mission Impossible IV has actually increased 20% to 1,230,676. The film has accumulated nearly four million admissions already and has done so against considerable competition. Tom Cruise and company will likely end up very high on the yearly chart but how far will they go?
Kang Je-gyu's My Way, the highest budgeted Korean film of all time ($30 million) and probably the year's most anticipated film, had a sizable but very underwhelming debut as it took only 770,220, though it has sold just over a million tickets since opening. Perhaps business will pick up in the coming weeks but this is an alarming start to the blockbuster war film's theater run. Word of mouth has been mixed so far but awareness is huge for the pic.
The sequel to Sherlock Holmes had a solid debut with 517,42, slightly below the original's bow in 2009. The Perfect Game had a decent 340,574 weekend but I expected a bit more after the strong previews. However, there is some positive buzz surrounding the film so business could pick up, though it is a busy marketplace. Spellbound dropped three spots but held onto to 60% of its business for a 184,145 weekend and with over 2.5 million admissions through this point, the three million mark is not out of the question.
As already mentioned the bottom five in the chart were all children's films: Alvin and the Chipmunks (162,953); Pocket Monsters Best Wishes! Reshiram (130,231); Pocket Monsters Best Wishes! Zekrom (113,229); The Adventures of Tintin (39,870); and Arthur Christmas (31,682).
Outside the Top 10: Punch shed most of its theaters and sold 856 tickets; My Barefoot Friend added 437 admission in its second week; SIU also lost the majority of its theaters and wound up with 271; Life Is Peachy dropped to 223; Dancing Cat added 191 to its impressive limited run; The Forgotten Bag sold 147 this week; and Too Many Villains, a film I'm tremendously excited to see, sadly sold a paltry 123 tickets in its second weekend, with only 760 in total.
Next Week: All eyes will be on MI4 and My Way as we see how they perform in their third and second weeks respectively.
The big news in Korea this week is the death of the leader of the North, Kim Jong-il. Given that he was a known cinephile I have included a pair of pieces on North Korea. Besides that there is a lot of news, CJ is making big advances with business deals left and right, the mind boggles at how big a studio it could become. Some great trailers this week, especially for Howling, by Ha Yu and starring Song Kang-ho, as well as some great one sheets, I need a copy of the Choi Min-sik poster for Nameless Gangster! Lots of other news, great interviews, and box office as usual.
Enjoy!
KOREAN CINEMA NEWS
Korean Film Punch Invited to Berlin Film Festival
Korean film Punch (Wandeukyi) by director Lee Han has been invited to next year's Berlin International Film Festival, the film's local distributor said Thursday. The movie will be screened in the "Generation" section of the 62nd festival for featuring movies for younger children and teens, CJ Entertainment and Media Co. said. It marks the second time a Korean film has been invited to the section following the 2006 movie Like a Virgin from director Lee Hae-yeong.Punch is currently the third highest-grossing Korean film of the year.(The Korea Times, December 15, 2011)
A Look Back at the Year's Breakout Films
In 2011, Korean films brought attention to the individuals and issues that have otherwise remained unaddressed, underrepresented, or simply unexplored. While the questions posed by these films varied, provoking responses ranging from angry shock to laughter and sympathy, all called for a collective reconsideration of the social dynamics and relationships that can be found in Korean society today. (Korea.net, December 15, 2011)
Korean Mega War Movie Targets Pan-Asian Audience
Kang Je-gyu's new pan-Asian movie My Way premieres on Dec. 22. Kang, who drew over 10 million spectators with the clunking history epic Taegukgi in 2004, is now hoping for Asia-wide success with the biggest budget and the most ambitious scale in many years. The cast includes top stars from Korea, China and Japan, such as Jang Dong-gun, Joe Odagiri and Fan Bingbing. (The Chosun Ilbo, December 15, 2011)
Korean Film Week in Budapest
Considering the fact that Hungarian film distributors tend to release only one Korean movie a year, Hungarian viewers have two options to watch contemporary Korean films on the big screen: the 'Titanic International Film Festival' and the annual 'Korean Film Week', both held in Budapest. Supported by the Korean Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, the Korea Foundation and the Korean Film Council, this year the Embassy of the Republic of Korea has organized the Korean Film Week for the fourth time. (The Korea Blog, December 15, 2011)
Secrets, Objects Sells to Hong Kong
Korean production company Film Front has announced that Secrets, Objects, directed by Lee Young-mi's film Secrets, Objects has been sold by Korean production company Film Front to Sundream Motion Pictures in Hong Kong. The romantic film features Jang Seo-hee as a 40-year-old sociology professor preparing a dissertation on extramarital affairs and Jeong Seok-won, a 21-year-old student who enrolls in her seminar. The film screened at the Moscow International Film Festival, Jeonju International Film Festival, and the Montreal World Film Festival this year. (KOBIZ, December 15, 2011)
The 6th London Korean Film Festival 2011
A great video summing up the highlights of the recent 6th London Korean Film Festival. Watching the clip made me quite jealous of everyone at the event, one which I dearly would have liked to attend. (youtube.com, December 16, 2011)
John Hurt to Star in Bong Joon-ho's Snow Piercer
Up until now the only confirmed player in Bong Joon-ho's much anticipated global production Snow Piercer has been Song Kang-ho, though it is said that he will only play a small part. In a recent interview acclaimed and veteran thespian John Hurt has confirmed that he will be joining the production for three months starting in March of next year. (Gothamist, December 15, 2011)
Chicago Tribune Names Poetry Film of the Year
The accolades keep on rolling in for Poetry. On Dec. 18, As the Chicago Tribune counted down its 10 best movies of the year on December 18th, Lee Chang-dong's Poetry wound up No. 1, ahead of Moneyball and French movie Copie Conforme, was deemed the best. The Korean movie singled out by the paper’s movie critic is a tale about an elderly woman who strives to write poetry despite Alzheimer’s and the hardships of the life around her. The film has also won the award for the best screenplay at this year’s Cannes Film Festival. (Joong Ang Daily, December 20, 2011)
KAFA Partners With CJ E&M and CJ CGV
The Korean Academy of Film Arts (KAFA) has renewed its partnership with leading entertainment media company CJ E&M and its affiliate exhibition company CJ CGV. In an academic-industry partnership deal signed yesterday (Dec. 14) at the Academy, the three entities agreed to work together to cultivate filmmaking talent that could become the future center of the film industry. (KOBIZ, December 19, 2011)
Sector 7 Hits Box Office Record in China
Sci-fi thriller Sector 7 is officially the highest grossing Korean film in China, according to South Korean investor/distributor CJ Entertainment. Released Dec. 6 on approximately 4,000 screens, the sea creature feature took in CNY20 million (US$3.1 million) by Dec. 14. (KOBIZ, December 20, 2011)
Young North Korean Defectors Produce Short Film in Seoul
A group of young North Korean defectors, aiming to show young South Koreans that they are the same, recently completed shooting a short film in Seoul, said a film producer at With Culture who helped them make the movie. Choi Ji-hoon met the North Korean defectors in their late teens to early 20s at a film class for students at Durihana International School as part of the company’s volunteering work. (The Korea Herald, December 14, 2011)
London Korean Film Festival Round-up and Ryu Seung-wan’s The Unjust
London Korea Links runs down the 2011 London Korean Film Festival and especially the work of Ryu Seung-wan. Ryu has had several of his films released in the UK on DVD, but he is not as well-known to the viewing public as the likes of Park Chan-wook and Bong Joon-ho. (London Korea Links, December 21, 2011)
New images have been revealed for Song Kang-ho's new film Howling. The directed by Ha Yu (A Dirty Carnival, 2006; Once Upon a Time in High School, 2004) is a thriller involving spontaneous combustion, excited? So am I. (Twitch, December 20, 2011)
The Front Line to Compete at Int'l Film Fest in Palm Springs The Front Linewhich has won a flurry of domestic awards and is the Korean pic for the Oscars has been invited to compete at the upcoming Palm Springs International Film Festival (PSIFF) next month, according to its official website on Tuesday. The Front Line will be up against a number of other international pictures for the FIPRESCI award for Best Foreign Language Film of the Year at the 7th annual PSIFF from January 5 to 16 next year. (asiae.co.kr, December 20, 2011)
Kim Jong-il: The Cinephile Despot
One of the more surprising facts about Kim Jong-il was his love of cinema. He reportedly owned more than 20,000 videos and DVDs and counted Elizabeth Taylor among his favourite actresses. "The cinema occupies an important place in the overall development of art and literature. As such it is a powerful ideological weapon for the revolution and construction." So wrote Kim Jong-il in his 1987 essay The Cinema and Directing. (BBC, December 19, 2011)
North Korea was no cinematic powerhouse. Though exact numbers are unknown, Variety estimates the annual cinema production of the area was seven to 10 features in the 1970s and 1980s, only four or five in the 1990s, and a mere trickle after 2000. In the past few years, however, there have been a number of documentaries by outsiders about life behind the Kimchi Curtain, as well as Hollywood and South Korean thrillers about North Korea as a terror state. (The Globe and Mail, December 20, 2011)
Gov’t is Key to Cinemas’ Success
Film experts from South Korea and the United Kingdom said government support was a key to the success of their cinema industries in an international seminar held Friday in Phu Yen. The event was part of the 17th Vietnam Film Festival currently taking place in the central province which opened on Thursday evening with the attendance of nearly 1,000 local film professionals. (tuoitrenews.vn, December 18, 2011)
In an interesting piece of synchronicity it appears that Mia Wasikowska may be moving from Oldboy director Park Chan-Wook's English language debut Stoker to Spike Lee's remake of Park's breakout film. Twitch has learned that Wasikowska has been offered the role of Marie, the female lead of the gritty thriller. The role was previously offered to The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo star Rooney Mara.(Twitch, December 16, 2011)
Route One Films Enters $110 Million Korean Entertainment Partnership
Route One Films has entered into a $110 million film and television fund partnership with the South Korean government, CJ E&M, Lotte Entertainment and Sovik Venture Capial to form the Sovik Global Contents Investment Fund – the largest entertainment fund in Korean history. (The Hollywood Reporter, December 15, 2011)
Song Hye-kyo to Star in Woo’s Film
Popular actress Song Hye-kyo will star in celebrated Chinese director John Woo’s upcoming epic love story film Love and Let Love, according to her local agency. Song, who recently won the first film award of her acting career for her role as the grieving filmmaker in this year’s somber drama A Reason to Live, will star as a wealthy, driven woman in Shanghai who lives through the end of WWII and Chinese Civil War. (The Korea Herald, December 20, 2011)
Clive Owen Offered Villain Role Spike Lee's Oldboy
Twitch has learned that the villain role in Oldboy has now been offered to Clive Owen. Owen and Lee have history, of course, having worked together on Lee's underrated thriller The Inside Man. That the director and star know and like each other is certainly a plus but a much bigger plus is that Owen embodies the perfect blend of sophistication and menace that the part requires along with the sort of charisma needed to go toe to toe with Brolin. (Twitch, December 16, 2011)
The director Kang Je Kyu who has written the history of Korean movies, said during the interview with News Y (news channel by Yonhap News) on December 15, "I gave my best effort and passion that I have spared for the past seven years while taking a break to produce the movie My Way." (KBS, December 16, 2011)
Lovable Q&A with Star and Director
Q&A took place after a screening of Lovable at the Dong-Sang Art Hall in Daegu, South Korea (December 3, 2011). Appearing as speakers are movie director Park Chul-Soon and actress Yoo Hae-Jung, who plays 9-year-old Da-Seul, who lives with her uncle who work as a waiter and her grandfather who works in a dry squid factory. AsianMediaWiki editor Ki Mun was there and transcribed/translated the session. (Asian Media Wiki, December 3, 2011)
King of Pigs: Korean Filmmaker Yeun Sang-ho Explores Dark Side
At this fall’s Busan International Film Festival, 33-year-old director Yeun Sang-ho drew attention with his first feature-length project: an animated, cold-blooded adult tale called The King of Pigs that explores the underside of human nature at an all-boys middle school in Seoul. The school is a microcosm of society, a harsh environment where there is no escape from constant bullying and violence. (The Los Angeles Times, December 15, 2011)
Daniel D.H. Park, Director of International Promotion Center
Director of the International Promotion Center at the Korean Film Council (KOFIC), Daniel D.H. Park is looking at his 20th anniversarywith the governmental organization. He took some time out from his busy year-end schedule to meet with KoBiz and talk about his work supporting and promoting Korean cinema and the Korean film industry and how that is changing. (KOBIZ, December 19, 2011)
Korean Cinema News is a weekly feature which provides wide-ranging news coverage on Korean cinema, including but not limited to: features; festival news; interviews; industry news; trailers; posters; and box office. It appears every Wednesday morning (GMT+1) on Modern Korean Cinema. For other weekly features, take a look at the Korean Box Office Update and the Weekly Review Round-up. Reviews and features on Korean film also appear regularly on the site.
To keep up with the best in Korean film you can sign up to our RSS Feed, like us on Facebook, or follow us on Twitter.
